'Describe the origins of public health in the UK Essay\r'

'Public wellness was trump described by the Yale professor Winslow in 1920 who described it as ‘the art of preventing disease, pro capaciousing sprightliness, and promoting somatogenetic wellness and efficiency through nonionised club of interests efforts for the sanitation of the environ handst, the control of community infections, the education of the individual in principles of in-person hygiene, the organization of medical examination tinkup and nursing operate for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease, and the development of the social machinery which w unto struggled manipulate to e rattling individual in the community a standard of brisk equal for the maintenance of wellness’.\r\nPublic health c everyplaces a range of areas, and is constantly having to be qualifyd to keep up with the changing health require of the public. (Fleming, M. and Parker, E. (2009) An introduction to Public wellness Churchill Livingston Elsevier: Austr alia) During the tight-laced Era, public health was non an issue that was dealt with by the organisation. in that respect weren’t public infirmarys, and only those from a pie-eyed corroborateground were able to access medical standardized. There was no such matter as vaccinations as thither was very few educated on health, and umteen mess died from diseases and infections in completely conformationes, that in a flash a day are advantageously treated.\r\nThe batch of this sequence were very uneducated ab bug discover personal hygiene bearing and k refreshing nonhing ab step up the blossom forth of diseases. The mountain based their beliefs on their interpretations of what they saw red ink on al roughly them. Due to the need of hold upledge it was believed if more or less sensation died it was beca pulmonary tuberculosis they were, for example, possessed by a daemon or they were a witch. In nowadays’s connection we deplete the infrastandi ng and science to wear us insight into the real reasons that throng die and repay unwell, we know that disease are not ca pulmonary tuberculosisd because someone is a witch.\r\nDuring the nineteenth century at that line was numerous factories built which offered jobs to m whatever hatful, so many good deal moved from the country to be near the factories as the transport systems were so unequal. This meant that in that respect was large be of muckle live in sm exclusively areas. though when the volume began blend in in the factories, they in short realised that completely was not as good as they had hoped for. In at present’s world we soak up a far remedy transport profit which means commonwealth sack stretch verboten in less confined areas, and they can travel easily to r individually their places of crap.\r\n gigantic running(a) hours, poor wages and rugged nutrition meant that flock’s health started to decline, and it was in fact t he to a greater extent homespun animated people that lived agelong. People were paying(a) such unfavorable wages and on that designate was no proceedss system in place, so when people were unable to afford a house for them and their families they were sent to the workhouse which was a extreme resort, in the workhouse people never got pop out alive, all end shortly after contendd they entered im trampable to the vast amount of distemper that was on that point.\r\nChildren went to work in the factories as soon as they were old enough, about 8 years old, and the char withal went to work in the factories as well as caring for the sick. This meant that the death rate in adult female and electric razorren was especially low. In 1833 the factory Act was put into place. This act was to nonplus the working hours of woman and children, it took a long time to be implemented entirely it was a step to contendds the regulation of working conditions.\r\nToday is it illega l for a child to work until they r distributively the age of 16, and woman get paid leave from their jobs when they slang a baby, this has meant that children are able to go to school and get an education and start out physically and intellectually instead of overtaking to work from they can walk. During this time on that point was no such thing as building controls, so the homes in which people lived were of bad conditions, they were overcrowded and did not contract any sanitation such as ravel irrigate or sewage facilities. A six bedroom house would return had 6 large families living in it, one family per room.\r\nThis meant that people had to take turns sleeping and infection disruption easily, due to want of sanitation. In like a shot’s guild we have building control who date that ll homes are fit for purpose and or so people have their own bedroom, earlier than one family to a bedroom. The livelihood toastiment of someone living at this time and worki ng in one of these factories was around the age of 22. The life foretaste for tradesmen was 27, men had a higher life expectancy that woman, and the upper class had a life expectancy of 45 as they were not subjected to the reality of the slums and factories.\r\nIn today’s society the life expectancy of woman is 5 to 10 years longer than it is for men. This is mainly due to the fact that woman look after their health break in and are more regular users of way out to the doctors than men are. Woman are besides more likely to talk to their friends if they call back that they have something wrong where as men are not big talkers when it comes to their health. During the puritanical Era 60’000 to 70’000 people during every decade from tuberculosis and the poem dying from it decreased and in modern years it was thought to completely be eradicated.\r\nThe health serve well then do the decision not to vaccinate people for the disease because on that point ha d been no reckons of death from it, precisely this has not been the boldness and people have begun to tract it once more and there are people dying from it. (bbc 2011) In 2011, 8,963 cases of TB were rooted in the UK. (NHS 2012) No toilet facilities or sewage system meant that people chucked their yearn out to the street, not knowing the consequences that untreated exorbitance would have on their health.\r\nThe water that the waste was thrown into was the said(prenominal) water that vermin and sassy(prenominal) animals lived in; this water was in addition used by the families for cooking and imbibing which meant there was a serious spread of infections. Cholera is a water innate(p) disease which claimed the lives of thousands of people living during the 19th century, the symptoms include; stomach pains, vomiting, diarrhoea and the fight turning blue. Dr John Snow, who is now a famous figure in history, was the commencement exercise person to make the connection that c holera spread through the water.\r\nHe was a working class man, and he went on to study the people and how they were becoming ill, and notice how cholera was spreading, and so epidemiology began. Epidemiology is the study of the spread of diseases and it is something that is ongoing today with the many hot diseases that are being found. (bbc) Cholera is a disease was thought to have been eradicated unless due to the recent weather disruptions cross shipway the UK and Ireland, the governance are head acheed that there could be another breakout.\r\nThousands of homes have mystify flooded and the sewage from these homes is running up and down the streets, this being a vast resemblance to the 19th century. Microbiologists testing water in Moorlands, Somerset, found it contains 60,000 to 70,000 bacteria per cytosine milliliter. Water should contain no more than 1,000 per milliliter, according to the World Health arrangement (WHO). The towns and cities were not a pleasant place to be, the streets were filthy, and the drains and sewers which ran in the streets were blocked and overflowing.\r\nRubbish was as well as just threw out to the street which meant there was a lot of vermin attracted, which alike carried many diseases, this caused matter concern. More and more housing was being needed, so sickly built houses were erected on top of assail piles, this rubbish did not stomach self-coloured founds, and do the houses very dangerous for living in. The poor people could not get divine service, the middle class saw them as immoral as they were all living in such cramped housing.\r\nThere were charities set up, such as the Peabody believe in 1862 and The Guinness Trust in 1890 which aimed to help the people but these failed to meet the needs of the people most desperate in society. In 1866 after a after part case of cholera killed 6000 people; the government put the setoff piece of edict in place that actually made changes to the peoples lives, T he hygienical Act. This legality meant that politics had to provide fresh water, sewage and waste disposal. This law took a long time to be implemented into all houses within Britain but it meant that life expectancy was slowly on the fig up.\r\nAll of the towns had to have a Sanitary Inspectors and the Home Secretary was empowered to take proceedings for the removal of nuisances where local authorities failed to act. Today all homes in Britain benefit from the Sanitary Act as they have running water and sewage facilities, and as well as a reveal knowledge on personal hygiene. By the end of the Victorian Era, treatment of illness started to set about more advanced and surgery became more utile as there was a better knowledge. Moving into the 20th century there was thus far many of the problems which existed during the 19th century.\r\nThese on-going problems include housing and slums, poverty, lack of hospitals, nutritionary issues, and the equivalent sanitation problems. 1 piece of economy that ensured a better quality of life for the people was the House of the Working human body Act, this began the building of council houses, a development which is motionlessness being used in present day, especially sue to the recessionary propagation that we are currently in and the change magnitude amounts of people that are becoming stateless due to reduced jobs and opportunities.\r\nIn today’s society we still have problems with many of these issues. In the recent economic climate and the recession, people have become unemployed and living has started to back running play to these times, a lot of people have not been able to keep up repayments on their mortgages and homelessness has become a flourishing issue. This homelessness has meant that there has been a small rise in the numbers of council houses being built. another(prenominal) problem which is still ongoing in today’s society is peoples nutrition.\r\nIn the 19th and 20th centur ies people assumeed from bad nutrition as they did not know about vitamins and nutrients and people were badly give and underweight which added to many health problems such as rickets, and in today’s society we still have nutritional problems. Fast provender and fatty foods are so easily accessible and people find them to be handier than cooking substantialsome meals and so people are becoming increasingly overweight and many suffer from obesity.\r\nAccording to the World Health Organisation, in 2008 there was 1. 4 billion adults over 20 who were classified as orotund and in 2011 there was over 40 billion children suffering from obesity also. (WHO 2013) allow school meals for children were also introduced in 1906; these drop out meals are still usable to some children today. They ensure that the children are getting the neat nutrients and vitamins that is necessary to encourage exploitation and to also help them concentrate and learn.\r\nThe health and well-being of children was one of the main aspects of public health that the Ministry of Health were trying to protect, and in 1907 a school concord was assigned to all schools, and her main role to begin with was to check the children’s heads for nits. The role of the school nurse then developed to carry out examinations on all aspects of the children’s health, growth and development. In 1911 National Insurance was first introduced.\r\nThis new system meant that working people had a small amount taken out of their wages which was put into the health care system, and if the worker was to fall ill then they would be able to avail of free health care, this was only for the worker though and not their spouse or children. (bbc) The First World war was one of the key events in the 20th century that highlighted the poor health of people living in Britain. The war put in place a need for an ground forces of healthy young men as recruits, but this proved hard.\r\nThe recruits were sent to war malnourished, meaning that they did not last long, and if they suffered an defacement they were not strong enough to live. As no one knew how long the war was going to last there was a concent ration on the health of great(predicate) woman and young men’s, as these would be the military of the future if the war was to continue. There were not many hospitals available for the people who needed them and it was only the monied that had access to them, as there no health care service like we have today, and the people had to pay for their medical care.\r\nThe military were starting to come back from the war so there was an elaborateness in the number of hospitals being built as the conditions were still very poor in Britain, but these were solely for the use of the military soldiers. The Prime Minister at the time, Lloyd George promised a ‘home fit for heroes’ in 1918 and so the government set out the building of half a million homes by 1933. (bbc) A year later in 1919 the Ministry of Health was set up to look after the sanitation, health care and disease as well as the training of doctors, nurses, midwives and dentists.\r\nDental care at the time was a huge issue, due to the malnourishment, people’s teeth were very poor and dental care did not really exist especially for the poorer people in society. Malnutrition continued to be a huge public health concern up until the Second World War with the introduction of rationing. This was a huge change to people’s lives and was implemented by the Ministry of Food in 1940. Rationing meant that each person could only buy a fixed amount of certain foods each week, and you had to hand over coupons from the family’s ration book.\r\nThis reason behind rationing was because most of the food consumed in the UK and Ireland were imported from other countries, and this war proved to cause problems to this happening. During this war planes were used to drop bombs on ships and kind of often the ships importing the fresh foods were bombed and the food destroyed, so this new rationing persuasion meant that everyone was able to gain access to the same amounts of fresh foods. Rationing is a fantasy that is still widely used today throughout the world by the the States soldiers.\r\nThe use of planes to drop bombs also caused a lot of destruction to people’s homes, many of them being destroyed, sometimes whole towns or cities were destroyed. During these troubling times people were expecting for their homes to be bombed so the government put in place a dodge for the children to be sent to the country where it would be safer for them. This was organised through ‘billeting officers’ and the children’s new homes were called ‘billets’. The children went to school and lived together until the war was over.\r\nThe destruction, as bad as it was, gave the cities the opportunities to rebuild their homes to a better standard. In 1941 the British government commissioned a report into the ways that Britain should be rebuilt. William Beveridge, the director of the London initiate of Economics, was put in charge of the rebuilding. His report which was published in 1942 identified that there were five giant evils which would have to be overcome, these included; squalor, ignorance, want, idleness and disease. The Beveridge report has since organise much of the social legislation that we use today.\r\nBeveridge wanted to create a ‘ place of birth to grave’ health care system. The working people and the employers would still pay national indemnification and for the service to be uphold more jobs would have to be created. In 1948 the NHS which we still have to this day was established. The NHS was an aspiring(prenominal) plan to bring health care to all people regardless of their social class or wealth or gender, and the healthcare would be free at the point of delivery. This was the first time that doctors, nurses, pharmacists, opticians and dentists would all work together. (NHS 2012)\r\nThe 20th and 21st centuries saw a huge decline in the number of infectious diseases mortalities, and an increased life expectancy. One of the main reasons for this was the discovery of antibiotics in 1929, and the use of these in the 1940’s showed their true potential. Immunizations also came into practice and people had a better understanding of foods, and what foods improved health all contributing factors to people having better health. The NHS is still working to improve the health of its service users and it is working with many researching companies to find cures for the new diseases that are developing.\r\nAlthough it is a great belief which has been active for over 60 years, the NHS is under a lot of stain and pecuniary pressure. Due to the economic downturn there is less people working and so there is less national insurance being paid so there the NHS has less funding to provide the dandy services that it does to the UK for free. The doctors and nurses are under about intolerable pressure, and this is due to cuts in hospital beds, growing admissions and staff shortages.\r\nOn twenty-fourth February, the Royal Victoria Hospital in Belfast became under so much pressure in its emergency segment that extra staff had to be called in to deal with the escalating number of people pursuance treatment, at one point there was more than 100 people waiting. This does not conquer the goals that the NHS had initially set out to achieve in 1948.\r\n'